Narrative Text

Narrative Text (Dongeng atau cerita narasi)

a. Tujuan Komunikatif teks:

            Teks ini digunakan untuk menghibur pendengar atau pembaca (dengan sebuah cerita tentang pengalaman nyata, khayal atau peristiwa pelik yang mengarah suatu krisis atau kejadian dan berakhir dengan suatu penyelesaian cerita tersebut).

b. Struktur umum teks:

v  Orientation (Pengenalan); paragraph untuk menjelaskan tokoh, waktu, dan tempat.

v  Complication ( permasalahan); paragraph untuk pengembangan konflik.

v  Resolution (penyelesaian); paragraph untuk menjelaskan terpecahkanya masalah.

c. Ciri Kebahasaan.

v  Menggunakan Nouns dan Pronouns tertentu; misalnya king, princess, stepsisters, houseworek, dsb.

v  Menggunakan Specific Participant yaitu pelaku yang bersifat tertentu/ khusus; misalnya Cinderella, Aladdin, the Crazy man.

v  Menggunakan Adjectives yang berguna untuk membentuk noun phrase, misalnya ; beautiful white skinned lady ; two crazy men.

v  Menggunakan Time connectives dan conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian atau peristiwa, misalnya then, when, suddenly, dsb.

v  Menggunakan Adverbs dan adverbial phrases untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa, misalnya here, there, at home; in yhe jungle, very carefully, happly ever after, dsb.

v  Menggunakan Action verbs dalam bentuk past tense; lived, climbed, drank.

v  Menggunakan Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan misalnya; said, told, promised; dan thinking verb yang menandai pikiran, presepsi ataupun perasaan tokoh, misalnya thought, fell, dsb.

d. Referensi:

            Kita biasanya menemukan teks jenis ini pada: dongeng, cerita rakyat, cerpen, novel, dll.

Catatan penting: Narrative juga terbagi dalam berbagai jenis diantaranya: Legend (Legenda), Fable (Kisah dengan tokoh hewan), Myth (mitos), Fairy Tale (cerita yang biasanya berlatar kerajaan/dunia peri) contoh: Cinderella, Snow White.

 Contoh Narrative Text

I Would Do It for Love

Once upon a time in a far away land, lived two families called the Darlan family and the Meissner family. The Darlan family had a daughter named Naya, while the Meissner family had a son named Arman. Naya and Arman had been friends since childhood and had lived in the country side for sixteen years of their life.

Unfortunately, one day, the Darlan family was called upon by the king as the family's men were very fine blacksmiths. The Darlan family had to move to the town because of the Kings demand. So Naya and Arman for the first time said goodbye to each other. Secretly, Arman vowed to work hard so that he could also work in town and finally meet Naya again.

Two years later, Arman had mastered some skills he thought he could put in good use in the town. Fulfilling his promise, he traveled to town and started to search for Naya. It was not a hard task, Naya's father had been granted the title of Duke by the King! Hurriedly, he visited Naya's own castle, but to his dismay, Naya did not want to meet him. "Maybe she is busy," he said to himself.

His determination to meet Naya did not waver, Arman found work as a builder in town. Each day, after work he would visit Naya's castle, but each day Naya refused to meet him. A few weeks passed by, Arman became sick, sick because he could not meet the childhood friend he so dearly loved. He had abandoned his work, making his friends he made at the working place concerned.

"Go and meet him once again Arman! Maybe this time you will be in luck!" said one.

"No. Maybe I was putting too much hope for her to love me. After all, we were just childhood friends."

His friends decided to visit Naya's castle themselves, to tell her that Arman his childhood friend, who fell in love with her is in an ill state. To their surprise, Naya agreed to meet them and heared that Arman was sick.

"Tell him to go to the forest and find a wooden house," said Naya.

"And after that? What should he do my Lady?" asked one of Arman's friend.

"He will find the answer once he finds the house," answered Naya mysteriously.

The friends came back to Arman and told him about the happy news. Arman suddenly stood up from his bed and felt refreshed as though nothing has happened before.

The next day Arman journeyed to the forest and found the wooden house Naya had mentioned. An old lady, with hideous boils on her face, crooked body, and white tangled hair that was very filthy greeted Arman.

"Excuse me, is Lady Naya here? She told me to come here," asked Arman.

"No, Lady Naya is not here. But she left a message I must tell you," said the old lady with a croaky voice.

"What is it?"

"She said, if you really love her, you must prove it. And to prove it, you must marry me!"

Because of his love, the love he had felt since childhood for Naya, Arman did not hesitate to answer.

"If that is what she wants, I would do it. I would do it for love!"

Suddenly, the old lady wailed and ran towards a small lake in front of the house. She bathed her face with water and to Arman's surprise, it was Nayna staring back at him. She had cleaned the make up she was wearing and pulled of the wig she also wore to disguise herself as an old lady.

"Arman, I was only testing you. And now I know what I must do. I will share the rest of my life with you. Because, because I would do it for love!"

Arman was very happy that Naya had the same feelings for him. And so, they lived happily ever after.

Read more »

Report Text

Report Text

Report (Laporan hasil pengamatan)

Ciri Umum:

(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:

Jenis teks ini digunakan untuk menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu yang bersifat apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Kemudian dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. Untuk membuat laporan semacam ini, siswa perlu mengamati dan membandingkan ikan paus dengan binatang lainnya yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama.

Selain itu siswa juga dapat mencoba membuat teks laporan tentang, misalnya, rumah sangat sederhana, warung tegal, sekolah, rumah sakit dsb. dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut dan membandingkan dengan yang lain sehingga bisa sebagai disebut rumah sederhana, dsb.

(b) Struktur Teks:

Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.(General Clasification)

Deskripsi lanjutan dari General Classification (Description:tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors).

Contoh:

Title	HEART
General Classification	The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the heart is only as big as a closed hand.
Description	The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute throughthout a person’s life.
Description	The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chambers are called the right and left auriclesand the botttom chambers are the right and left ventricles.
Description	When blood enters the heart. It is in dark reddish color because it countains carbon dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right Description ventricle. When the heart contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the heart, and the process begins again.

Contoh 2

Title	PLANT
Description	Plants are living beings. They need food, water and air for survival. (General Classification) Plants derive their food from the earth and the air. If you look at their roots, you will find that ends of these roots are like fine fibers. We call them root-hairs. They absorb water and minerals, then transport them upwards to the leaves through the trunk and the branches. It is the leaves which prepare the food.
Description	The green material, chlorophyll, prepares the food like a machine. It converts the carbon dioxide taken from the air and water from the ground into sugar with the help of sunlight. This chemical reaction is called photosynthes. In fact, the chlorophyll takes energy from the sunlight and uses it to synthesize the hydrogen from water and carbon from carbon dioxide for making sugar. This reaction also gives out oxygen and water which are excreted by the leaves.

Read more »

Emarrassement

Embarrassment is an emotional state of intense discomfort with oneself, experienced upon having a socially unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. Usually some amount of loss of honour or dignity is involved, but how much and the type depends on the embarrassing situation. It is similar to shame, except that shame may be experienced for an act known only to oneself. Also, embarrassment usually carries the connotation of being caused by an act that is merely socially unacceptable, rather than morally wrong.

Causes

Embarrassment can be personal, caused by unwanted attention to private matters or personal flaws or mishaps. Some causes of embarrassment stem from personal actions, such as being caught in a lie or in making a mistake, losing badly in a competition, getting debagged, or being caught performing bodily functions such as flatulence. In many cultures, being seen nude or inappropriately dressed is a particularly stressful form of embarrassment (see modesty). Personal embarrassment could also stem from the actions of others which place the embarrassed person in a socially awkward situation, such as having one's awkward baby pictures shown to friends, having someone make a derogatory comment about one's appearance or behaviour, discovering one is the victim of gossip, being rejected by another person (see also humiliation), being made the focus of attention (e.g. birthday celebrants, newlyweds), or even witnessing someone else's embarrassment.
Personal embarrassment is usually accompanied by some combination of blushing, sweating, nervousness, stammering, and fidgeting. Sometimes the embarrassed person will try to mask embarrassment with smiles or nervous laughter, especially in etiquette situations; such a response is more common in certain cultures, which may lead to misunderstanding. There may also be feelings of anger depending on the perceived seriousness of the situation, especially if the individual thinks another person is intentionally causing the embarrassment. There is a range of responses, with the most minor being a perception of the embarrassing act as inconsequential or even humorous, to intense apprehension or fear.
The idea that embarrassment serves an apology or appeasement function originated with Goffman (1967) who argued the embarrassed individual “demonstrates that he/she is at least disturbed by the fact and may prove worthy at another time”. Semin & Manstead (1982) demonstrated social functions of embarrassment whereby the perpetrator of knocking over a sales display (the ‘bad act’) was deemed more likable by others if he/she appeared embarrassed than if he/she appeared unconcerned – regardless of restitution behaviour (rebuilding the display). The capacity to experience embarrassment can also be seen to be functional for the group or culture. It has been demonstrated that those who are not prone to embarrassment are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviour – for example, adolescent boys who displayed more embarrassment were found to be less likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviours. Similarly, embarrassment exhibited by boys more likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviour was less than one-third of that exhibited by non-aggressive boys (Ketlner et al. 1995). Thus proneness to embarrassment (i.e. a concern for how one is evaluated by others) can act as a brake on behaviour that would be dysfunctional for group or culture.

Professional embarrassment

Embarrassment can also be professional or official, especially after statements expressing confidence in a stated course of action, or willful disregard for evidence. Embarrassment increases greatly in instances involving official duties or workplace facilities, large amounts of money or materials, or loss of human life. Examples of causes include a government's failed public policy, exposure of corrupt practices or unethical behaviour, a celebrity whose personal habits receive public scrutiny or face legal action, or officials caught in serious personally embarrassing situations. Even small errors or miscalculations can lead to significantly greater official embarrassment if it is discovered that there was willful disregard for evidence or directives involved (e.g. see Space Shuttle Challenger).
Not all official failures result in official embarrassment, even if the circumstances lead to some slight personal embarrassment for the people involved. For example, losing a close political election might cause some personal embarrassment for the candidate but generally would be considered an honorable loss in the profession and thus not necessarily lead to professional embarrassment. Similarly, a scientist might be personally disappointed and embarrassed if one of his hypotheses was proven wrong, but would not normally suffer professional embarrassment as a result. By contrast, exposure of falsified data supporting a scientific claim (e.g. see Hwang Woo-Suk) would likely lead to professional embarrassment in the scientific community. Professional or official embarrassment is often accompanied by public expressions of anger, denial of involvement, or attempts to minimize the consequences. Sometimes the embarrassed entity will issue press statements, remove or distance themselves from sub-level employees, attempt to carry on as if nothing happened, suffer income loss, emigrate, or completely vanish from public view.

Medical

In a medical context, embarrassment is a synonym for distress, or physiological difficulty of some kind, such as fetal embarrassment or respiratory embarrassment.

Etymology

The first written usage of embarrass in English was in 1664 by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The word was derived from the French word embarrasser, "to block," or "obstruct",¹ whose first recorded usage was by Michel de Montaigne in 1580. The French word was derived from the Spanish embarazar, whose first recorded usage was in 1460 in Cancionero de Stúñiga (Songbook of Stúñiga) by Álvaro de Luna.² The Spanish word comes from the Portuguese embaraçar, which is a combination of the prefix em- (from Latin im- for "in-") with baraço or baraça, "a noose", or "rope".³ Baraça originated before the Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC.⁴ Thus, baraça could be related to the Celtic word barr, "tuft." (Celtic people actually settled much of Spain and Portugal beginning in the 700s BC, the second group of people to do so.)⁵ However, it certainly is not directly derived from it, as the substitution of r for rr in Ibero-Romantic languages was not a known occurrence.
The Spanish word may come from the Italian imbarazzare, from imbarazzo, "obstacle" or "obstruction." That word came from imbarrare, "to block," or "bar," which is a combination of in-, "in" with barra, "bar" (from the Vulgar Latin barra, which is of unknown origin).⁶ The problem with this theory is that the first known usage of the word in Italian was by Bernardo Davanzati (1529–1606), long after the word had entered Spanish.⁷

Read more »